Crypto 2022 springer

Leo de Castro, Carmit Hazay, Yuval Ishai, Vinod Vaikuntanathan, Muthu Venkitasubramaniam Round-Optimal Multi-party Computation with Identifiable Abort Abstract Secure multi-party computation MPC protocols that are resilient to a dishonest majority allow the adversary to get the output of the computation while, at the same time, forcing the honest parties to abort. Aumann and Lindell introduced the enhanced notion of security with identifiable abort, which still allows the adversary to trigger an abort but, at the same time, it enables the honest parties to agree on the identity of the party that led to the abort.

More recently, in Eurocrypt , Garg et al. Following Garg et al. In this work, we close this gap and show that four rounds of communication are also sufficient to securely realize any functionality with identifiable abort using standard and generic polynomial-time assumptions. To achieve this result we introduce the new notion of bounded-rewind secure MPC that guarantees security even against an adversary that performs a mild form of reset attacks.

We show how to instantiate this primitive starting from any MPC protocol and by assuming trapdoor-permutations. The notion of bounded-rewind secure MPC allows for easier parallel composition of MPC protocols with other interactive cryptographic primitives. Therefore, we believe that this primitive can be useful in other contexts in which it is crucial to combine multiple primitives with MPC protocols while keeping the round complexity of the final protocol low.

Additive key derivation is a simple mechanism for deriving many subkeys from a single master key, and is already widely used in cryptocurrency applications with the Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet mechanism standardized in Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 32 BIP Because of its linear nature, additive key derivation is also amenable to efficient implementation in the threshold setting. With presignatures, the secret and public nonces used in the ECDSA signing algorithm are precomputed.

Recent works have advocated for both of these variations, sometimes combined together. However, somewhat surprisingly, we are aware of no prior security proof for additive key derivation, let alone for additive key derivation in combination with presignatures.

In this paper, we provide a thorough analysis of these variations, both in isolation and in combination. Our analysis is in the generic group model GGM. Of independent interest, we also present a version of the GGM that is specific to elliptic curves. In addition to this analysis, we report security weaknesses in these variations that apparently have not been previously reported. We also present two mitigations against these weaknesses: re-randomized presignatures and homogeneous key derivation.

Crucially, the identity of the active branch must remain hidden from the protocol participants. While such circuits can be securely computed by evaluating each branch and then multiplexing the output, such an approach incurs a communication cost linear in the size of the entire circuit. To alleviate this, a series of recent works have investigated the problem of reducing the communication cost of branching executions inside MPC without relying on fully homomorphic encryption.

Presently, however, it is not known how to obtain similar communication improvements for secure computation involving more than two parties. In this work, we provide a generic framework for branching multi-party computation that supports any number of parties. The communication complexity of our scheme is proportional to the size of the largest branch and the computation is linear in the size of the entire circuit. We provide an implementation and benchmarks to demonstrate practicality of our approach.

Aarushi Goel, Mathias Hall-Andersen, Aditya Hegde, Abhishek Jain Secure Multiparty Computation with Sublinear Preprocessing Abstract A common technique for enhancing the efficiency of secure multiparty computation MPC with dishonest majority is via preprocessing: In an offline phase, parties engage in an input-independent protocol to securely generate correlated randomness.

Recent constructions of pseudorandom correlation generators Boyle et al. However, these techniques do not efficiently apply to authenticated triples, except in the case of secure two-party computation of arithmetic circuits over large fields.

In this work, we propose the first concretely efficient approach for malicious MPC with preprocessing in which the offline communication is sublinear in the circuit size. More specifically, the offline communication scales with the square root of the circuit size. From a feasibility point of view, our protocols can make use of any secure protocol for generating unauthenticated multiplication triples together with any additive homomorphic encryption. Our technique is based on a variant of a recent protocol of Boyle et al.

As a result, our protocols inherit the succinct correlated randomness feature of the latter protocol. That application needs very large committees with thousands of parties, so the PVSS scheme in use must be efficient enough to support such large committees, in terms of both computation and communication. While lattice-based encryption schemes are very fast, they often have long ciphertexts and public keys. Alternating between the lattice and DL settings is relatively painless, as we equate the LWE modulus with the order of the group.

We also show how to reduce the the number of exponentiations in the bulletproofs by applying Johnson-Lindenstrauss-like compression to reduce the dimension of the vectors whose properties must be verified. An implementation of our PVSS with parties showed that it is feasible even at that size, and should remain so even with one or two order of magnitude increase in the committee size. Craig Gentry, Shai Halevi, Vadim Lyubashevsky Homomorphic Encryption Sine Series Approximation of the Mod Function for Bootstrapping of Approximate HE Abstract While it is well known that the sawtooth function has a point-wise convergent Fourier series, the rate of convergence is not the best possible for the application of approximating the mod function in small intervals around multiples of the modulus.

This polynomial can then be used to approximate the mod function to almost arbitrary precision, and hence allows practical CKKS-HE bootstrapping with arbitrary precision. We validate our approach by an implementation and obtain bit precision bootstrapping as well as improvements over prior work even at lower precision. Charanjit S. Jutla, Nathan Manohar Limits of Polynomial Packings for and Abstract We formally define polynomial packing methods and initiate a unified study of related concepts in various contexts of cryptography.

It is known that bootstrapping is the most challenging part of the CKKS scheme. Further, homomorphic evaluation of modular reduction is the core of the CKKS bootstrapping. As modular reduction is not represented by the addition and multiplication of complex numbers, approximate polynomials for modular reduction should be used. However, all the previous methods are based on an indirect approximation, and thus it requires lots of multiplicative depth to achieve high accuracy.

This paper proposes a direct polynomial approximation of modular reduction for CKKS bootstrapping, which is optimal in error variance and depth. The performance improvement for the CKKS scheme by the proposed algorithm is verified by implementation using HE libraries. The implementation results show that the proposed method has a multiplicative depth of 10 for modular reduction to achieve the state-of-the-art accuracy, while the previous methods have depths of 11 to Moreover, we achieve higher accuracy within a small multiplicative depth, for example, bit within multiplicative depth In Asiacrypt , Cho et al.

With this strategy, the multiplicative complexity of the cipher is significantly reduced, compared to existing HE-friendly ciphers, without degrading the overall security. However, this choice yields very short SIMD plaintext vectors and high degree extension fields, e. The results have to be recoded decoded and then re-encoded before further multiplications can be done. We introduce an FHE-specific technique to additionally evaluate arbitrary linear transformations on encoded vectors for free during the FHE recode operation.

The candidate is special since it directly applies specific randomization techniques to the underlying ADP, without relying on the hardness of traditional cryptographic assumptions like discrete-log or learning with errors. However, the obfuscation scheme requires further cryptanalysis since it was not known to be based on any well-formed mathematical assumptions. Our attack exploits the weakness of one of the randomization steps in the candidate.

The attack applies to a fairly general class of programs. At the end of the paper we discuss plausible countermeasures to defend against our attacks. Then, subexponentially secure indistinguishability obfuscation for all polynomial-size circuits exists. Further, assuming only polynomial security of the aforementioned assumptions, there exists collusion resistant public-key functional encryption for all polynomial-size circuits.

As a consequence, we obtain the first fully homomorphic encryption scheme that does not rely on any lattice-based hardness assumption. Our techniques feature a new notion of randomized encoding called Preprocessing Randomized Encoding PRE , that essentially can be computed in the exponent of pairing groups. Aayush Jain, Huijia Lin, Amit Sahai Incompressible Cryptography Abstract Incompressible encryption allows us to make the ciphertext size flexibly large and ensures that an adversary learns nothing about the encrypted data, even if the decryption key later leaks, unless she stores essentially the entire ciphertext.

Incompressible signatures can be made arbitrarily large and ensure that an adversary cannot produce a signature on any message, even one she has seen signed before, unless she stores one of the signatures essentially in its entirety. In this work, we give simple constructions of both incompressible public-key encryption and signatures under minimal assumptions.

Furthermore, large incompressible ciphertexts resp. In particular, these notions strengthen the related concepts of disappearing encryption and signatures, recently introduced by Guan and Zhandry TCC , whose previous constructions relied on sophisticated techniques and strong, non-standard assumptions. Mutual Distance Bounding Protocols. Rubik's for cryptographers. Towards factoring in SL 2, F2n.

Privacy-friendly authentication in RFID systems : on sub-linear protocols based on symmetric-key cryptography. Issue: 99, p. Analysis and experimental evaluation of Image-based PUFs. Avoine, Gildas. RFID for newbies, sauce security. In: Hakin 9 : IT security magazine, Vol. Kim, Chong Hee. Security analysis of YKHL distance bounding protocol with adjustable false acceptance rate. Improved differential fault analysis on AES key schedule.

RFID distance bounding protocols with mixed challenges. Univariate side channel attacks and leakage modeling. New fault attacks using Jacobi symbol and application to regular right-to-left algorithms. In: Information Processing Letters, Vol. Lire son passe navigo en un clin d'oeil. Pereira, Olivier. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, xxx. Towards Tight Random Probing Security - extended version.

Springer: Heidelberg, xxx. How not to prove your election outcome. When Is a Test Not a Proof?. Scatter: a Missing Case?. Mode-Level vs. Pereira, Olivier; Ronne, Peter B.. Junfeng Fan, Benedikt Gierlichs, xxx. In: Asia-CCS Zhang, Liwei; Ding, A.

Pereira, Olivier; Rivest, Ronald L.. Marked Mix-Nets. Pereira, Olivier; Wallach, Dan S.. Gimli: a cross-platform permutation. LNCS, no. Serge Fehr, xxx. Consolidating Inner Product Masking. Encryption Switching Protocols. Choudary, Marios O.

Score-Based vs. Secure Distributed Computation on Private Inputs. Template Attacks vs. Traceable Group Encryption. The myth of generic DPA. How to Certify the Leakage of a Chip?. Soft Analytical Side-Channel Attacks. Intellectual property protection for FPGA designs with soft physical hash functions: First experimental results. Toward Generic method for Server-Aided Cryptography. Deploying OSK on low-resource mobile Devices. Security Evaluations beyond Computing Power. Springer: Germany Heidelberg, xxx.

In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Algebraic Constructions for the fundations of a safe society, xxx. Pereira, Olivier; Palmieri, Paolo. Masking vs. Low Entropy Masking Schemes, Revisited. Carpent, Xavier; Avoine, Gildas.

Improving the complexity of index calculus algorithms in elliptic curves over binary fields. Pointcheval and T. Johansson Eds. Analysis of differential attacks in ARX constructions. Measuring vote privacy, revisited..

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The DeFi Swap exchange will soon have a V2 and V3 version coming up, which will be adding on to the overall existing features of the cryptocurrency. In the longer run, what will make the DeFi Coin even better is the fact that there will be a burning mechanism in place.

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The Data token is the governance token, which is supported by guardian nodes and enterprise validators such as Google, Binance, Gumi, and Samsung. TFUEL is the utility token for decentralized video delivery that also doubles as a gas token. Currently, video streaming is supported by content delivery networks that are geographically located and are paid by delivering streaming content to end-users THETA has found a way to incentivize a global pool of users to offer spare bandwidth by rewarding them with THETA and TFUEL as compensation.

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Below are the projects: Google cloud for better access to cloud data. Oracle to monetize APIs. Dapps Inc for real-time data support for Salesforce users. Reserve to bring data feeds to help the Reserve Stablecoin Hedera Hashgraph to gain access to off-chain data for smart contracts. Betprotocol to provide decentralized eSports. Ethereum Classic to bring external data to ETC.

Chiliz to help sports clubs mint limited edition sports memorabilia tokens. Chain-link is so useful because its function is to be a decentralized oracle network to provide safe inputs and outputs of information for smart contracts. Chain-link oracles work on any blockchain by delivering information from the outside world and bringing it into a blockchain. When a smart contract on a blockchain requires information, sends out a request for information to chain-link, this information could be Weather information for a farming crop insurance smart contract or an update on asset price volatility.

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The mission was to make using USD Coin for commerce, everyday payments, and peer-to-peer transactions easier. As both Circle and Coinbase have achieved regulatory compliance, it helps to give USD coin greater stability.

Terra LUNA Terra is a blockchain protocol using fiat pegged stablecoins that provides super-fast and affordable transactions to stabilize prices on global payment systems. The co-founders wanted to blend the daily price stability of fiat currencies with the decentralized benefits of cryptocurrencies.

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Uniswap is an AMM automated market maker aiming to improve trading efficiency with automated token trading that provides liquidity. Adams intended to introduce AMMs on Ethereum, bringing it to a broader audience. In trading, lack of liquidity can create problems, and Uniswap exists to provide liquidity where needed, bringing value and growth to the trading community. The automated process of market making increases activity as it reduces risks and costs. It also means any trader can create a liquidity pool for a pair of crypto tokens without the typical identity requirements.

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Litecoin LTC Litecoin LTC is a cryptocurrency founded by Charlie Lee a former Google employee and Bitcoin miner in that leverages blockchain technology to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments. Though initially based on the Bitcoin protocol, Litecoin uses a different hashing algorithm, shorter block transaction times 2. These differences make it ideal for point-of-sale payments and micro-transactions.

It is ideal for developing countries that cannot afford Bitcoin fees. Once available on the mainnet, users of Litecoin will have greater fungibility and privacy. Litecoin is highly secure, with cryptographic defences that make it practically impossible to hack. Litecoin may continue to meet the ever-growing demands of consumers by unlocking the power of the blockchain. Many crypto experts suggest further price increases for Litecoin LTC.

Read Our Litecoin Price Predictions here. It aims to provide fast global money payments with a high capacity for transactions, micro fees, fast payments, and privacy. Much like fiat currency cash, such as a dollar, Bitcoin Cash payments transfer from one person to another. But, unlike traditional physical cash, there are no middlemen to censor transactions like banks and payment processors. The Bitcoin Cash network is independent of control by financial third parties.

Bitcoin Cash has a limited supply of 21 million coins, combining scarcity with the ease and freedom of spending physical cash. Users can accept Bitcoin Cash payments via a computer or smartphone. It's a user-friendly platform that transforms Ethereum into a multichain system.

The core component of Polygon is SDK, which is a modular, flexible framework supporting building multiple types of applications, such as rollup chains, for instance. Polygon is similar to other multichain systems such as Polkadot. The project seeks to resolve the typical scalability problems of other cryptocurrencies.

It can process 65, tps transactions per second on a single side chain, and it takes a lightning-fast two seconds for block confirmation. The Plasma framework of Polygon can house an unlimited number of decentralized applications on its infrastructure. Polygon is a Layer-2 scaling solution, so there's no requirement to upgrade the current blockchain.

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Stellar's native token XLM acts as a bridge, helping reduce the costs of trading assets across borders. Typically, this service is expensive when using traditional payment providers. The founder set out to provide an easy way for people to move fiat currency into cryptocurrency and ease the typical transaction challenges.

Transaction costs for Stellar are 0. Bitcoin and Ethereum transaction fees can be expensive, and even traditional money transfer payments can incur high costs. This project allowed large financial institutions to use the Stellar network to submit transactions using bridge assets such as stablecoins. Most other blockchains have community funds that can be allocated to projects to improve the ecosystem.

But Stellar works differently as users can vote for the ventures they want to support. Because the experts predict Stella XLR price will almost double, we believe it is one of the best cryptocurrencies to invest for , and it is an affordable crypto for the small investor.